Nicaea

City · c. 1094–1261 CE · in Europe

Capital of Sultanate of Rum (1094–1098), Nicaean Empire (1206–1261).

Related

• Sivas (c. 1094 CE): Capital of Danishmendids (1094–1178).
• Zagreb (1094 CE): Capital of Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944), Republic of Croatia (1992–today).
• Iznik (c. 1094 CE): Capital of Sultanate of Rum (1094–1307), Nicaean Empire (1206–1261).
• Stari Ras (c. 1094–1168 CE): Capital of Grand Principality of Serbia (1094–1168).
• Ryazan (1095 CE): Capital of Principality of Ryazan (1097–1240), Ryazan (1453–1520).
• Tarsus (c. 1099 CE): Capital of Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1099–1374).
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• Isle of Man (c. 1085 CE): Capital of Kingdom of the Isles (1085–1176), Kingdom of Mann (1177–1266).
• Castletown (c. 1085 CE): Capital of Kingdom of the Isles (1085–1176), Kingdom of Mann (1177–1266).
• Castelló d'Empúries (c. 1078 CE): Capital of County of Ampuria (1078–1402).

Around the same time and place

• First Crusade (1096–1099 CE): Answering Pope Urban II’s call, armies of western knights marched to Constantinople, crossed Anatolia, took Antioch after a long siege and captured Jerusalem in July 1099, founding the crusader states.
• Founding of the Ottoman state (c. 1299 CE): Osman I, leader of a Turkish principality in northwestern Anatolia, founded the dynasty whose state grew into the Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1922.
• Book of Optics (c. 1011 CE): Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics showed that vision occurs when light enters the eye and described experiments with the camera obscura; it deeply influenced later European optics.
• East–West Schism (1054 CE): Break in communion between the Church of Rome and the Church of Constantinople, dividing Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
• Battle of Manzikert (1071 CE): The Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan defeated and captured the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenes, opening Anatolia to Turkish settlement.
• Knights Templar (c. 1119–1312 CE): Hugues de Payens and fellow knights founded this military order in Jerusalem around 1119 to protect pilgrims, with headquarters on the Temple Mount. It grew rich and powerful until Pope Clement V dissolved it in 1312 under pressure from Philip IV of France.
• Saladin (c. 1137 CE – 1193 CE): Kurdish founder of the Ayyubid dynasty who became sultan of Egypt and Syria, defeated the crusaders at Hattin and retook Jerusalem in 1187.
• Francis of Assisi (c. 1181 CE – 1226 CE): Italian friar who embraced radical poverty and founded the Franciscan Order; one of the most venerated saints of Christianity.

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