Tarsus

City · c. 1099 CE · in Europe

Capital of Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1099–1374).

Navahrudak (1100 CE): Capital of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1236–1449).
Ryazan (1095 CE): Capital of Principality of Ryazan (1097–1240), Ryazan (1453–1520).
Sivas (c. 1094 CE): Capital of Danishmendids (1094–1178).
Zagreb (1094 CE): Capital of Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944), Republic of Croatia (1992–today).
Iznik (c. 1094 CE): Capital of Sultanate of Rum (1094–1307), Nicaean Empire (1206–1261).
Nicaea (c. 1094–1261 CE): Capital of Sultanate of Rum (1094–1098), Nicaean Empire (1206–1261).
Stari Ras (c. 1094–1168 CE): Capital of Grand Principality of Serbia (1094–1168).
Santiago de Compostela (c. 1111 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Galicia (1111–1125).
Tripoli (c. 1111 CE): Capital of County of Tripoli (1111–1289).
Minsk (c. 1111 CE): Capital of Principality of Minsk (1111–1313), Republic of Belarus (1992–today).

Around the same time and place

First Crusade (1096–1099 CE): Answering Pope Urban II’s call, armies of western knights marched to Constantinople, crossed Anatolia, took Antioch after a long siege and captured Jerusalem in July 1099, founding the crusader states.
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE): The Abbasid dynasty, descended from Muhammad's uncle, took the caliphate from the Umayyads and ruled from Iraq, presiding over the Islamic Golden Age.
East–West Schism (1054 CE): Break in communion between the Church of Rome and the Church of Constantinople, dividing Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
Battle of Manzikert (1071 CE): The Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan defeated and captured the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenes, opening Anatolia to Turkish settlement.
Knights Templar (c. 1119–1312 CE): Hugues de Payens and fellow knights founded this military order in Jerusalem around 1119 to protect pilgrims, with headquarters on the Temple Mount. It grew rich and powerful until Pope Clement V dissolved it in 1312 under pressure from Philip IV of France.
Saladin (c. 1137 CE – 1193 CE): Kurdish founder of the Ayyubid dynasty who became sultan of Egypt and Syria, defeated the crusaders at Hattin and retook Jerusalem in 1187.
Palmyra (c. 261–1929 CE): Capital of Palmyrene Empire (261–269).
Pereiaslav (c. 1056 CE): Capital of Principality of Pereyaslavl (1056–1239).