Old Dongola

City · c. 500–1518 CE · in the Middle East

Capital of Makuria (500–1414), Makuria Kingdom (1415–1518).

Related

• Pavia (c. 500 CE): Capital of Ostrogothic Kingdom (500–553).
• Chufut-Kale (500–1490 CE): Capital of Crimean Khanate (1450–1490).
• Barcelona (c. 507 CE): Capital of Visigothic Kingdom (507–542), Catalonia (1640–1641), Second Spanish Republic (1932–1938).
• Canterbury (c. 490 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Kent (490–762).
• Jabiyah (c. 510–633 CE): Capital of Ghassanids (510–633).
• Kyiv (482 CE): Capital of Kievan Rus' (882–1240), Principality of Kiev (1056–1240), Ukrainian People's Republic (1919–1919).
• Tournai (c. 481 CE): Capital of Kingdom of the Franks (481–508).
• Carisbrooke (c. 523 CE): Capital of Wihtgar (523–686).
• Soissons (c. 476 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Soissons (476–486), Kingdom of Neustria (724–731).
• Toulouse (c. 476 CE): Capital of Visigothic Kingdom (476–507), County of Toulouse (990–1249), Duchy of Aquitaine (990–1439).

Around the same time and place

• Muhammad (c. 570 CE – 632 CE): The prophet of Islam, born in Mecca, who united much of Arabia under the new faith before his death in Medina.
• First revelation of the Quran (c. 610 CE): According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad received his first revelation in the cave of Hira near Mecca in 610, beginning the Quran and the religion of Islam.
• The Hijra (622 CE): Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina, where he established the first Muslim community; the year marks the start of the Islamic calendar.
• Ibn Battuta’s travels: Maghreb, Arabia and East Africa (1325–1332 CE): The Moroccan scholar Ibn Battuta left Tangier on the hajj in 1325, visited Egypt, Syria, Mecca and Iraq, then sailed down the East African coast to Kilwa and back via Oman and the Persian Gulf. His Rihla records some 30 years of travel.
• Aksum (c. 100 CE): Capital of the Kingdom of Aksum, a Red Sea trading power in the Horn of Africa from around the 1st century CE that minted its own coinage and raised monumental stelae.
• Cairo (969 CE): The Fatimid general Jawhar founded al-Qahira beside Fustat after conquering Egypt; it grew into the largest city of the Arab world.
• Book of Optics (c. 1011 CE): Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics showed that vision occurs when light enters the eye and described experiments with the camera obscura; it deeply influenced later European optics.
• Rock-hewn churches of Lalibela (c. 1200 CE): Eleven monolithic churches carved out of rock around the late 12th and early 13th centuries under King Gebre Mesqel Lalibela of the Zagwe dynasty.

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