Thanjavur

City · c. 1534 CE · in South Asia

Capital of Nayaks of Thanjavur (1534–1673), Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom (1677–1799).

Quito (1534 CE): Capital of Republic of Ecuador (1840–today).
La Paz (1535 CE): Capital of Republic of Baja California (1853–1854).
Lima (1535 CE): Founded by Francisco Pizarro as the "City of Kings" in 1535, Lima became the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and of independent Peru.
Buenos Aires (1536 CE): First founded by Pedro de Mendoza in 1536 and refounded in 1580 by Juan de Garay; capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and of Argentina.
Asunción (1537 CE): Capital of Paraguay (1811–today).
Bogotá (1538 CE): Capital of Gran Colombia (1822–1831), Republic of New Granada (1834–1858), Granadine Confederation (1859–1862), and 2 more.
Sucre (1538 CE): Capital of Bolivia (1825–today).
Serang (c. 1529 CE): Capital of Sultanate of Banten (1529–1808).
Lahore (c. 1529 CE): Capital of Mughal Empire (1529–1857), Sikh Empire (1799–1848).
Johor Bahru (c. 1529 CE): Capital of Sultanate of Johor (1529–1884).

Around the same time and place

Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India (1497–1499 CE): Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon around the Cape of Good Hope and up the East African coast to Malindi, then crossed the Arabian Sea to Calicut in 1498, opening the first direct sea route from Europe to India.
Maritime Silk Road (c. 200 BCE – c. 1500 CE): Sea lanes linking southern China, Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, East Africa and Egypt, carrying silk, ceramics, spices and textiles on the monsoon winds.
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE): South Indian empire founded by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I in 1336, a major patron of Hindu culture and temple architecture.
Ahilyanagar (c. 1492 CE): Capital of Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1492–1636).
Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510 CE): Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate; it became the capital of Portuguese India until 1961.
Battle of Talikota (1565 CE): An alliance of Deccan sultanates defeated Vijayanagara, after which its capital was sacked and abandoned.
Mysore (c. 1572 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Mysore (1572–1799).
Vijayanagara (c. 1344–1571 CE): Capital of Vijayanagara Empire (1344–1571).