Bagan

City · 200–1293 CE · in South Asia

Capital of Pagan Kingdom (850–1293).

Bursa (202 CE): Capital of Ottoman Empire (1329–1365).
Ezhou (c. 207 CE): Capital of Eastern Wu (207–229).
Vijaya (c. 207 CE): Capital of Chámpa (207–1652).
Luoyang (c. 224 CE): Capital of Cao Wei (224–264), Western Jin (266–420), Eastern Wei (534–550), and 1 more.
Washim (c. 260 CE): Capital of Vakataka Kingdom (260–500).
Cologne (c. 261 CE): Capital of Gallic Empire (261–274).
Palmyra (c. 261–1929 CE): Capital of Palmyrene Empire (261–269).
Jeju (c. 263 CE): Capital of Tamna (263–1278).
Al-Hirah (c. 270–602 CE): Capital of Lakhmid Kingdom (270–602).
Edirne (125 CE): Capital of Ottoman Empire (1365–1453).

Around the same time and place

Maurya Empire founded (c. 322–185 BCE): Chandragupta Maurya seized Magadha around 322 BCE and founded the Maurya Empire, the first to unite most of the Indian subcontinent; it lasted until about 185 BCE.
Ashoka (c. 304 BCE – 232 BCE): Maurya emperor who, after the bloody Kalinga War, embraced Buddhism and promoted non-violence and dharma through inscribed edicts across his empire.
Angkor Wat (c. 1120 CE): Temple complex built in the first half of the 12th century under Suryavarman II, originally dedicated to Vishnu; the largest religious monument in the world.
Chandragupta Maurya (c. 350 BCE – 295 BCE): Founder of the Maurya Empire, who overthrew the Nanda dynasty and gained the north-west from Seleucus I.
Brahmi script (c. 300 BCE): Brahmi, known from Emperor Ashoka's inscriptions, is the ancestor of nearly all the scripts of South and Southeast Asia, from Devanagari and Tamil to Thai and Tibetan.
Kalinga War (c. 262 BCE): Ashoka's conquest of Kalinga on India's east coast; its enormous casualties, recorded in his own edicts, led him to renounce war of conquest.
Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE): Empire founded by Chandragupta I around 320 CE whose period is often called a classical age of Indian art, literature, science and mathematics.
Nalanda (c. 427 CE): Buddhist monastic university in Magadha founded in the Gupta period that attracted scholars from across Asia until its destruction around 1200.