Kastamonu

City · c. 1309 CE · in Europe

Capital of Beylik of Sinop (1309–1332), Beylik of Isfendiyar (1309–1398).

Kütahya (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Germiyanids (1305–1429).
Balikesir (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Karasi (1305–1343).
Karaman (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Karaman (1305–1467).
Sogut (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Ottoman Empire (1305–1329).
Beysehir (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Eshrefids (1305–1325).
Selçuk (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Aydin (1305–1426).
Uluborlu (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Hamid (1305–1343).
Eflani (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Sinop (1305–1309), Beylik of Isfendiyar (1305–1309).
Birgi (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Aydin (1305–1426).
Mentese district (c. 1305 CE): Capital of Beylik of Menteshe (1305–1414).

Around the same time and place

Founding of the Ottoman state (c. 1299 CE): Osman I, leader of a Turkish principality in northwestern Anatolia, founded the dynasty whose state grew into the Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1922.
Knights Templar (c. 1119–1312 CE): Hugues de Payens and fellow knights founded this military order in Jerusalem around 1119 to protect pilgrims, with headquarters on the Temple Mount. It grew rich and powerful until Pope Clement V dissolved it in 1312 under pressure from Philip IV of France.
Battle of Ain Jalut (1260 CE): The Mamluks of Egypt under Qutuz and Baybars defeated a Mongol army in Galilee, halting the Mongol advance towards Egypt.
Palmyra (c. 261–1929 CE): Capital of Palmyrene Empire (261–269).
Rumi (1207 CE – 1273 CE): A Persian poet, jurist and Sufi mystic who lived in Konya; his Masnavi is among the most celebrated works of Persian poetry, and his followers founded the Mevlevi order.
Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517 CE): Mamluk slave-soldiers seized power in Egypt, founding a sultanate that ruled Egypt and Syria until the Ottoman conquest.
Timisoara (1266 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Hungary (1315–1323).
Tabriz (c. 1294 CE): Capital of Ilkhanate (1294–1335), Chobanids (1344–1357), Jalayirid Sultanate (1358–1388), and 2 more.