Kufa

City · c. 656 CE · in the Middle East

Capital of Rashidun Caliphate (656–661).

Lamphun (c. 661 CE): Capital of Haripuñjaya (661–1292).
Maria Saal (c. 661 CE): Capital of Carantania (661–749).
Sari (c. 644 CE): Capital of Dabuyid Dynasty (644–756).
Fuman (c. 644 CE): Capital of Dabuyid Dynasty (644–756).
Paytakaran (c. 638 CE): Capital of Balasagan (638–646).
Palembang (c. 674 CE): Capital of Srivijaya (674–1293).
Bolgar (c. 674 CE): Capital of Volga Bulgaria (674–1235), Golden Horde (1294–1502).
Bolghar Gord (c. 674–1235 CE): Capital of Volga Bulgaria (674–1235).
Bilär (c. 674–1235 CE): Capital of Volga Bulgaria (674–1235).
Ohrid (c. 682 CE): Capital of First Bulgarian Empire (682–1017).

Around the same time and place

Muhammad (c. 570 CE – 632 CE): The prophet of Islam, born in Mecca, who united much of Arabia under the new faith before his death in Medina.
First revelation of the Quran (c. 610 CE): According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad received his first revelation in the cave of Hira near Mecca in 610, beginning the Quran and the religion of Islam.
The Hijra (622 CE): Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina, where he established the first Muslim community; the year marks the start of the Islamic calendar.
Uruk (c. 5,000 BCE – c. 700 CE): Sumerian city on the Euphrates that by about 3100 BCE was probably the largest city in the world, centre of the first urban civilization.
Battle of the Yarmuk (636 CE): Arab Muslim armies decisively defeated the Byzantine army near the Yarmuk River, opening the Levant to the Muslim conquest.
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE): Mu'awiya I founded the Umayyad Caliphate with its capital at Damascus; it extended Muslim rule from Iberia to Central Asia.
Battle of Karbala (680 CE): Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad, and his small party were killed by Umayyad forces at Karbala, an event central to Shia Islam and commemorated on Ashura.
Dome of the Rock (c. 691 CE): Built on Jerusalem's Temple Mount under the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik, it is the oldest surviving major work of Islamic architecture.