Lisbon

City · c. 1256 CE · in Europe

Capital of Kingdom of Portugal (1256–1910), Portuguese Empire (1502–1823), Portuguese Colonies (1564–1910), and 2 more.

Kaliningrad (1255 CE): Capital of Duchy of Prussia (1526–1618).
Königsberg (1255–1945 CE): Capital of Duchy of Prussia (1526–1618), Brandenburg-Prussia (1619–1701).
Klaipeda (1252 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Prussia (1707–1708).
Graz (c. 1260 CE): Capital of Duchy of Styria (1260–1501).
Chambéry (c. 1260 CE): Capital of County of Savoy (1260–1416).
Orange (c. 1260 CE): Capital of Principality of Orange (1260–1571).
Florence (c. 1260 CE): Capital of Republic of Florence (1260–1569), Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1797–1848), Kingdom of Etruria (1803–1806), and 1 more.
Brandenburg an der Havel (c. 1260 CE): Capital of Margraviate of Brandenburg (1260–1414), Electorate of Brandenburg (1422–1618).
Glogow (c. 1250 CE): Capital of Duchy of Glogow (1250–1313).
Xacitarxan (1250 CE): Capital of Astrakhan Khanate (1468–1556).

Around the same time and place

Reconquista (718–1492 CE): Centuries-long series of campaigns by Christian kingdoms to take the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule, ending with the fall of Granada in 1492.
Auch (c. 1206 CE): Capital of County of Armagnac (1206–1496).
Poitiers (c. 1206 CE): Capital of County of Poitou (1206–1249).
Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229 CE): Crusade called by Pope Innocent III against the Cathars of southern France, which brought Languedoc under French royal control.
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212 CE): The allied kings of Castile, Aragon and Navarre crushed the Almohad army, a turning point of the Reconquista.
Foix (c. 1236 CE): Capital of County of Foix (1236–1555).
Tlemcen (c. 1236 CE): Capital of Zayyanid dynasty (1236–1555).
Madrid (c. 1236 CE): Capital of Crown of Castile (1236–1515), Kingdom of Spain (1516–today), Pro-Habsburg Spain (1702–1708), and 3 more.