Madrid

City · c. 1236 CE · in Europe

Capital of Crown of Castile (1236–1515), Kingdom of Spain (1516–today), Pro-Habsburg Spain (1702–1708), and 3 more.

Foix (c. 1236 CE): Capital of County of Foix (1236–1555).
Tlemcen (c. 1236 CE): Capital of Zayyanid dynasty (1236–1555).
Tunis (c. 1236 CE): Capital of Hafsid Dynasty (1236–1571), Beylik of Tunis (1706–1881), Republic of Tunisia (1956–today).
Dambadeniya (c. 1236–1293 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Dambadeniya (1236–1293).
Ganghwa Island (c. 1232 CE): Capital of Goryeo (1232–1270).
Arras (c. 1241 CE): Capital of County of Artois (1241–1332).
Sukhothai Historical Park (c. 1241 CE): Capital of Sukhothai Kingdom (1241–1438).
Phitsanulok (c. 1241 CE): Capital of Sukhothai Kingdom (1241–1438).
Kosice (1230 CE): Capital of Principality of Upper Hungary (1683–1685).
Berlin (1244 CE): Capital of Margraviate of Brandenburg (1260–1414), Electorate of Brandenburg (1422–1618), Brandenburg-Prussia (1619–1701), and 5 more.

Around the same time and place

Magna Carta (1215 CE): Charter agreed by King John at Runnymede that limited royal power and became a foundation of constitutional law in the English-speaking world.
Reconquista (718–1492 CE): Centuries-long series of campaigns by Christian kingdoms to take the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule, ending with the fall of Granada in 1492.
Francis of Assisi (c. 1181 CE – 1226 CE): Italian friar who embraced radical poverty and founded the Franciscan Order; one of the most venerated saints of Christianity.
Dante Alighieri (1265 CE – 1321 CE): Florentine poet whose Divine Comedy, written in the Tuscan vernacular, is a masterpiece of world literature and helped establish the Italian language.
Trier (16 BCE – 1618 CE): Capital of Electorate of Trier (1333–1618).
Frederick Barbarossa (c. 1122 CE – 1190 CE): Holy Roman Emperor who fought the Lombard League in Italy and drowned in Anatolia while leading the Third Crusade.
Averroes (1126 CE – 1198 CE): Andalusian philosopher, physician and judge from Córdoba whose commentaries on Aristotle deeply influenced Christian scholasticism.
Fibonacci (c. 1170 CE – 1250 CE): Mathematician from Pisa who introduced Hindu–Arabic numerals to Europe; the Fibonacci sequence is named after him.