Arras

City · c. 1241 CE · in Europe

Capital of County of Artois (1241–1332).

Sukhothai Historical Park (c. 1241 CE): Capital of Sukhothai Kingdom (1241–1438).
Phitsanulok (c. 1241 CE): Capital of Sukhothai Kingdom (1241–1438).
Berlin (1244 CE): Capital of Margraviate of Brandenburg (1260–1414), Electorate of Brandenburg (1422–1618), Brandenburg-Prussia (1619–1701), and 5 more.
Foix (c. 1236 CE): Capital of County of Foix (1236–1555).
Tlemcen (c. 1236 CE): Capital of Zayyanid dynasty (1236–1555).
Madrid (c. 1236 CE): Capital of Crown of Castile (1236–1515), Kingdom of Spain (1516–today), Pro-Habsburg Spain (1702–1708), and 3 more.
Tunis (c. 1236 CE): Capital of Hafsid Dynasty (1236–1571), Beylik of Tunis (1706–1881), Republic of Tunisia (1956–today).
Dambadeniya (c. 1236–1293 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Dambadeniya (1236–1293).
Ganghwa Island (c. 1232 CE): Capital of Goryeo (1232–1270).
Glogow (c. 1250 CE): Capital of Duchy of Glogow (1250–1313).

Around the same time and place

Magna Carta (1215 CE): Charter agreed by King John at Runnymede that limited royal power and became a foundation of constitutional law in the English-speaking world.
Reconquista (718–1492 CE): Centuries-long series of campaigns by Christian kingdoms to take the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule, ending with the fall of Granada in 1492.
Francis of Assisi (c. 1181 CE – 1226 CE): Italian friar who embraced radical poverty and founded the Franciscan Order; one of the most venerated saints of Christianity.
Thomas Aquinas (1225 CE – 1274 CE): Dominican friar and theologian whose Summa Theologica synthesised Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine.
Mongol invasion of Rus’ and Europe (1236–1242 CE): Mongol armies under Batu and Subutai conquered Volga Bulgaria and the Rus’ principalities, destroyed Kiev in 1240, and in 1241 won at Legnica and Mohi, before withdrawing from Central Europe in 1242.
Dante Alighieri (1265 CE – 1321 CE): Florentine poet whose Divine Comedy, written in the Tuscan vernacular, is a masterpiece of world literature and helped establish the Italian language.
Trier (16 BCE – 1618 CE): Capital of Electorate of Trier (1333–1618).
Fibonacci (c. 1170 CE – 1250 CE): Mathematician from Pisa who introduced Hindu–Arabic numerals to Europe; the Fibonacci sequence is named after him.