Naxos

City · c. 1210 CE · in Europe

Capital of Duchy of the Archipelago (1210–1313).

Kalisz (c. 1210 CE): Capital of Duchy of Kalisz (1210–1219).
Dresden (1206 CE): Capital of Electorate of Saxony (1547–1805), Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1808).
Auch (c. 1206 CE): Capital of County of Armagnac (1206–1496).
Trabzon (c. 1206 CE): Capital of Empire of Trebizond (1206–1461).
Poitiers (c. 1206 CE): Capital of County of Poitou (1206–1249).
Arta (c. 1206 CE): Capital of Despotate of Epirus (1206–1479).
Xanadu (c. 1206–1439 CE): Capital of Mongol Empire (1206–1293), Northern Yuan (1375–1439).
Avarga (c. 1206 CE): Capital of Mongol Empire (1206–1235).
Andravida (c. 1206 CE): Capital of Principality of Achaea (1206–1432).
Banda Aceh (1205 CE): Capital of Sultanate of Aceh (1516–1903).

Around the same time and place

Knights Templar (c. 1119–1312 CE): Hugues de Payens and fellow knights founded this military order in Jerusalem around 1119 to protect pilgrims, with headquarters on the Temple Mount. It grew rich and powerful until Pope Clement V dissolved it in 1312 under pressure from Philip IV of France.
Saladin (c. 1137 CE – 1193 CE): Kurdish founder of the Ayyubid dynasty who became sultan of Egypt and Syria, defeated the crusaders at Hattin and retook Jerusalem in 1187.
Francis of Assisi (c. 1181 CE – 1226 CE): Italian friar who embraced radical poverty and founded the Franciscan Order; one of the most venerated saints of Christianity.
Sack of Constantinople (1204) (1204 CE): Armies of the Fourth Crusade sacked Constantinople and set up a Latin Empire, permanently weakening Byzantium.
Thomas Aquinas (1225 CE – 1274 CE): Dominican friar and theologian whose Summa Theologica synthesised Aristotelian philosophy with Christian doctrine.
Mongol invasion of Rus’ and Europe (1236–1242 CE): Mongol armies under Batu and Subutai conquered Volga Bulgaria and the Rus’ principalities, destroyed Kiev in 1240, and in 1241 won at Legnica and Mohi, before withdrawing from Central Europe in 1242.
Battle of Ain Jalut (1260 CE): The Mamluks of Egypt under Qutuz and Baybars defeated a Mongol army in Galilee, halting the Mongol advance towards Egypt.
Palmyra (c. 261–1929 CE): Capital of Palmyrene Empire (261–269).