Pasargadae

City · c. 550–330 BCE · in the Middle East

Capital of Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).

Ecbatana (c. 550 BCE – c. 1800 CE): Capital of Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Khiva (502 BCE): Capital of Khanate of Khiva (1512–1919).
Delhi (501 BCE): Capital of Mamluk Dynasty (1210–1290), Khalji Dynasty (1294–1320), Tughlaq Dynasty (1326–1413), and 4 more.
Bordeaux (501 BCE): Capital of Duchy of Gascony (768–1065).
Ujjain (c. 600 BCE – c. 405 CE): Capital of Janapada of Avanti (600 BCE–405 BCE), Western Satraps (43–405).
Mathura (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Surasena (600 BCE–405 BCE).
Milan (600 BCE): Capital of Duchy of Milan (1402–1539), Ambrosian Republic (1450–1450), Cisalpine Republic (1797–1799).
Varanasi (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Kasi (600 BCE–451 BCE).
Kushinagar (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Malla (600 BCE–451 BCE).
Kausambi (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Vatsa (600 BCE–451 BCE).

Around the same time and place

Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BCE – 530 BCE): Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, which he expanded from Anatolia to Central Asia by conquering Media, Lydia and Babylon.
Campaigns of Alexander the Great (334–323 BCE): Alexander of Macedon crossed into Asia in 334 BCE, defeated Darius III at Issus and Gaugamela, conquered Egypt and the Persian Empire, and campaigned as far as the Indus valley before dying in Babylon in 323 BCE.
Eridu (c. 5,400–600 BCE): Regarded by the Sumerians as the first city; its temple to the god Enki was rebuilt many times from the Ubaid period onward.
Uruk (c. 5,000 BCE – c. 700 CE): Sumerian city on the Euphrates that by about 3100 BCE was probably the largest city in the world, centre of the first urban civilization.
Fall of Nineveh (612 BCE): A coalition of Babylonians and Medes sacked Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, bringing about the collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Fall of Babylon (539 BCE): Cyrus the Great's Persian army took Babylon, ending the Neo-Babylonian Empire; Cyrus later allowed deported peoples, including the Judeans, to return home.
Persepolis (c. 518 BCE): Ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire begun by Darius I, famous for its columned halls and reliefs; Alexander the Great burned it in 330 BCE.
Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE): Alexander the Great decisively defeated Darius III near modern Erbil, leading to the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.