Bordeaux

City · 501 BCE · in Europe

Capital of Duchy of Gascony (768–1065).

Delhi (501 BCE): Capital of Mamluk Dynasty (1210–1290), Khalji Dynasty (1294–1320), Tughlaq Dynasty (1326–1413), and 4 more.
Khiva (502 BCE): Capital of Khanate of Khiva (1512–1919).
Nanjing (495 BCE): Capital of Eastern Wu (229–265), Southern Tang (960–976), Ming Dynasty (1375–1644), and 2 more.
Pasargadae (c. 550–330 BCE): Capital of Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Ecbatana (c. 550 BCE – c. 1800 CE): Capital of Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Seuthopolis (c. 450–338 BCE): Capital of Odrysian Kingdom (450 BCE–338 BCE).
Ujjain (c. 600 BCE – c. 405 CE): Capital of Janapada of Avanti (600 BCE–405 BCE), Western Satraps (43–405).
Mathura (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Surasena (600 BCE–405 BCE).
Milan (600 BCE): Capital of Duchy of Milan (1402–1539), Ambrosian Republic (1450–1450), Cisalpine Republic (1797–1799).
Varanasi (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Kasi (600 BCE–451 BCE).

Around the same time and place

Carthage (c. 814–146 BCE): Traditionally founded by Phoenician settlers from Tyre, Carthage grew into the capital of a maritime empire that dominated the western Mediterranean until Rome destroyed it.
Founding of the Roman Republic (509 BCE): The Romans expelled their last king, Tarquin the Proud, and established a republic governed by elected magistrates and the Senate.
Hallstatt culture (c. 1,200–450 BCE): Late Bronze and Early Iron Age culture of Central Europe, named after the rich cemetery by the salt mines of Hallstatt, Austria.
Etruscan civilization (c. 900–27 BCE): Civilization of ancient Etruria in central Italy, organised in city-states, which strongly influenced early Rome before being absorbed by it.
Nuragic civilization (c. 1,800–238 BCE): Bronze and Iron Age civilization of Sardinia, named after its thousands of stone tower-fortresses called nuraghi.
Nordic Bronze Age (c. 1,700–500 BCE): Bronze Age culture of Scandinavia and northern Germany, known for rock carvings, lurs and fine bronzework made from imported copper and tin.
Tartessos (c. 900–550 BCE): Iron Age culture of south-western Iberia around the lower Guadalquivir, renowned among Greeks and Phoenicians for its wealth in metals.