Seuthopolis

City · c. 450–338 BCE · in Europe

Capital of Odrysian Kingdom (450 BCE–338 BCE).

Nanjing (495 BCE): Capital of Eastern Wu (229–265), Southern Tang (960–976), Ming Dynasty (1375–1644), and 2 more.
Tangier (402 BCE): Capital of Tangier International Zone (1924–1956).
Volubilis (400 BCE – 1710 CE): Capital of Mauretania (212 BCE–42), Idrisids (793–974).
Delhi (501 BCE): Capital of Mamluk Dynasty (1210–1290), Khalji Dynasty (1294–1320), Tughlaq Dynasty (1326–1413), and 4 more.
Bordeaux (501 BCE): Capital of Duchy of Gascony (768–1065).
Khiva (502 BCE): Capital of Khanate of Khiva (1512–1919).
Pasargadae (c. 550–330 BCE): Capital of Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Ecbatana (c. 550 BCE – c. 1800 CE): Capital of Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Timna (c. 350 BCE – c. 150 CE): Capital of Qataban (350 BCE–150).
Artashat (c. 326 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Armenia (326 BCE–428).

Around the same time and place

Socrates (c. 470 BCE – 399 BCE): Athenian philosopher who examined ethics through questioning dialogue; he was sentenced to death by drinking hemlock in 399 BCE.
Parthenon (447 BCE): Temple of Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, built 447–432 BCE under Pericles; the supreme monument of classical Greek architecture.
Aristotle (384 BCE – 322 BCE): Philosopher and polymath, student of Plato and tutor of Alexander the Great, who founded the Lyceum and wrote on logic, biology, ethics and politics.
Alexander the Great (356 BCE – 323 BCE): King of Macedon who conquered the Persian Empire and reached India, spreading Greek culture across the Near East before dying in Babylon at 32.
Carthage (c. 814–146 BCE): Traditionally founded by Phoenician settlers from Tyre, Carthage grew into the capital of a maritime empire that dominated the western Mediterranean until Rome destroyed it.
Battle of Marathon (490 BCE): Athenians and Plataeans defeated the first Persian invasion of Greece, sent by Darius I, on the plain of Marathon.
Battle of Salamis (480 BCE): Decisive naval victory of the Greek fleet under Themistocles over the Persian fleet of Xerxes in the straits of Salamis.
Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE): A small Greek force led by King Leonidas I of Sparta held the pass of Thermopylae for three days against the army of Xerxes I before being overwhelmed.