Khiva

City · 502 BCE · in Europe

Capital of Khanate of Khiva (1512–1919).

Delhi (501 BCE): Capital of Mamluk Dynasty (1210–1290), Khalji Dynasty (1294–1320), Tughlaq Dynasty (1326–1413), and 4 more.
Bordeaux (501 BCE): Capital of Duchy of Gascony (768–1065).
Nanjing (495 BCE): Capital of Eastern Wu (229–265), Southern Tang (960–976), Ming Dynasty (1375–1644), and 2 more.
Pasargadae (c. 550–330 BCE): Capital of Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Ecbatana (c. 550 BCE – c. 1800 CE): Capital of Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Seuthopolis (c. 450–338 BCE): Capital of Odrysian Kingdom (450 BCE–338 BCE).
Ujjain (c. 600 BCE – c. 405 CE): Capital of Janapada of Avanti (600 BCE–405 BCE), Western Satraps (43–405).
Mathura (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Surasena (600 BCE–405 BCE).
Milan (600 BCE): Capital of Duchy of Milan (1402–1539), Ambrosian Republic (1450–1450), Cisalpine Republic (1797–1799).
Varanasi (c. 600 BCE): Capital of Janapada of Kasi (600 BCE–451 BCE).

Around the same time and place

Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BCE – 530 BCE): Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, which he expanded from Anatolia to Central Asia by conquering Media, Lydia and Babylon.
Persepolis (c. 518 BCE): Ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire begun by Darius I, famous for its columned halls and reliefs; Alexander the Great burned it in 330 BCE.
Darius the Great (c. 550 BCE – 486 BCE): Achaemenid king (r. 522–486 BCE) who organized the empire into satrapies, began Persepolis and launched the first Persian invasion of Greece.
Behistun Inscription (c. 520 BCE): A relief and inscription of Darius I carved on a cliff in western Iran in Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian; it was key to the decipherment of cuneiform.
Bukhara (c. 500 BCE): Oasis city on the Zeravshan River that grew into a major Silk Road trading centre and, under the Samanids, a capital of Persian and Islamic learning.
Merv (c. 500 BCE): Oasis city in present-day Turkmenistan and a major Silk Road hub; it was a Seljuk capital before being sacked by the Mongols in 1221.
Sogdians (c. 500 BCE – c. 900 CE): Iranian people of the Zeravshan valley around Samarkand and Bukhara whose merchants dominated trade along the Silk Roads, especially between the 4th and 8th centuries.
Anshan Persia (4,000 BCE – 675 CE): Capital of Elam (2700 BCE–601 BCE).