Ha'il

City · c. 1836 CE · in the Middle East

Capital of Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921).

Coburg (c. 1836 CE): Capital of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1836–1839).
Houston (1836 CE): Capital of Republic of Texas (1837–1839).
Tacna (c. 1836 CE): Capital of Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839).
Gotha (c. 1836 CE): Capital of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1836–1839).
Piratini (c. 1836 CE): Capital of Riograndense Republic (1836–1845).
Caçapava do Sul (c. 1836 CE): Capital of Riograndense Republic (1836–1845).
Washington-on-the-Brazos (c. 1836–1845 CE): Capital of Republic of Texas (1836–1845).
Austin (1835 CE): Capital of Republic of Texas (1839–1845).
Paraná (c. 1834 CE): Capital of Argentine Confederation (1834–1861).
Pietermaritzburg (1839 CE): Capital of Natalia Republic (1840–1843).

Around the same time and place

Rosetta Stone (1799 CE): French soldiers found a stele at Rosetta bearing a decree of 196 BCE in hieroglyphic, Demotic and Greek; it became the key to Champollion's decipherment of hieroglyphs in 1822.
Suez Canal route (1869 CE): The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, linked the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, letting ships sail between Europe and Asia without rounding Africa and cutting the London–Bombay voyage by thousands of kilometres.
Palmyra (c. 261–1929 CE): Capital of Palmyrene Empire (261–269).
Muhammad Ali of Egypt (1769 CE – 1849 CE): An Ottoman Albanian commander who became governor of Egypt in 1805 and launched sweeping military and economic modernization; his dynasty ruled Egypt until 1952.
Tehran (1794 CE): Capital of Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1978), Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–today).
Napoleon in Egypt (1798–1801 CE): Napoleon Bonaparte took Malta, landed at Alexandria, defeated the Mamluks at the Pyramids and occupied Cairo, but his fleet was destroyed at the Nile and his siege of Acre failed; the French army surrendered in 1801.
Doha (1850 CE): Capital of Qatar Dynasty (1870–1904), Qatar (1913–1915), State of Qatar (1973–today).
David Ben-Gurion (1886 CE – 1973 CE): Zionist leader who proclaimed the State of Israel in 1948 and served as its first prime minister.