Zafar

City · c. 110 BCE – c. 525 CE · in the Middle East

Capital of Himyarite Kingdom (110 BCE–525).

Vienna (101 BCE): Capital of Holy Roman Empire (1497–1806), Holy Roman Empire Minor States (1497–1806), Austrian Empire (1806–1867), and 3 more.
Worms (101 BCE): Capital of Burgundian Kingdom (414–437).
Alexandria on the Caucasus (c. 126 BCE – c. 10 CE): Capital of Indo-Greeks (126 BCE–10).
Pamplona (74 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Navarre (1162–1428).
Erbil (c. 63 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Adiabene (63 BCE–370).
Mtskheta (c. 63 BCE): Capital of Caucasian Iberia (63 BCE–533).
Tbilisi (c. 63 BCE): Capital of Caucasian Iberia (63 BCE–533), Principality of Iberia (682–740), Kingdom of Georgia (1122–1466), and 1 more.
Samosata (c. 63 BCE – c. 72 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Commagene (63 BCE–72).
Armaztsikhe (c. 63 BCE – c. 533 CE): Capital of Caucasian Iberia (63 BCE–533).
Sinop (c. 183 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Pontus (183 BCE–63 BCE), Beylik of Isfendiyar (1398–1461).

Around the same time and place

Muhammad (c. 570 CE – 632 CE): The prophet of Islam, born in Mecca, who united much of Arabia under the new faith before his death in Medina.
First revelation of the Quran (c. 610 CE): According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad received his first revelation in the cave of Hira near Mecca in 610, beginning the Quran and the religion of Islam.
The Hijra (622 CE): Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina, where he established the first Muslim community; the year marks the start of the Islamic calendar.
Aksum (c. 100 CE): Capital of the Kingdom of Aksum, a Red Sea trading power in the Horn of Africa from around the 1st century CE that minted its own coinage and raised monumental stelae.
Ezana of Aksum adopts Christianity (c. 330 CE): King Ezana of Aksum converted to Christianity around 330, making Aksum one of the first states to officially adopt the faith.
Battle of Badr (624 CE): Muhammad's outnumbered followers from Medina defeated the Quraysh of Mecca, a decisive early victory for the Muslim community.
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661 CE): After Muhammad's death his companions led the Muslim community as caliphs, conquering Byzantine Syria and Egypt and the Sasanian Empire.
Standard text of the Quran (c. 650 CE): Under Caliph Uthman, a standard written text of the Quran was compiled and copies sent to the major cities, forming the basis of the text used today.