Ardabil

City · c. 307 BCE · in Europe

Capital of Atropatene (307 BCE–165 BCE).

Ganzak (c. 307–165 BCE): Capital of Atropatene (307 BCE–165 BCE).
Seleucia (305 BCE – 165 CE): Capital of Parthian Empire (239 BCE–224).
Chengdu (311 BCE): Capital of Shu Han (224–262), Cheng Han (306–346), Former Shu (911–925), and 1 more.
Edessa (302 BCE – 1150 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Osroene (63 BCE–214), County of Edessa (1099–1150).
Kutaisi (301 BCE): Capital of Colchis (301 BCE–231 BCE), Kingdom of Georgia (1010–1122), Kingdom of Imereti (1468–1810).
Paris (301 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of the Franks (508–768), Merovingian Empire (710–717), Carolingian Empire (718–723), and 11 more.
Amaravathi (301 BCE): Capital of Satavahana Dynasty (225 BCE–220).
Thessaloniki (315 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Thessalonica (1206–1224), Empire of Thessalonica (1236–1246).
Artashat (c. 326 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Armenia (326 BCE–428).
Van (c. 326 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Armenia (326 BCE–428), Kingdom of Vaspurakan (911–1021).

Around the same time and place

Campaigns of Alexander the Great (334–323 BCE): Alexander of Macedon crossed into Asia in 334 BCE, defeated Darius III at Issus and Gaugamela, conquered Egypt and the Persian Empire, and campaigned as far as the Indus valley before dying in Babylon in 323 BCE.
Uruk (c. 5,000 BCE – c. 700 CE): Sumerian city on the Euphrates that by about 3100 BCE was probably the largest city in the world, centre of the first urban civilization.
Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE): Alexander the Great decisively defeated Darius III near modern Erbil, leading to the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.
Babylon (2,201 BCE – 1 CE): Capital of Babylonia (1800 BCE–601 BCE), Neo-Babylonian Empire (600 BCE–539 BCE), Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Pasargadae (c. 550–330 BCE): Capital of Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Royal Road (c. 500–330 BCE): The Achaemenid Persian highway described by Herodotus ran some 2,700 km from Sardis to Susa, with relay stations that let royal couriers cover it in about a week.
Battle of Issus (333 BCE): Alexander the Great defeated the Persian king Darius III, who fled the battlefield, leaving his family to be captured.
Petra (c. 312 BCE): The rock-cut capital of the Nabataean kingdom in southern Jordan, famous for tombs and temples carved into sandstone cliffs such as Al-Khazneh.