Van

City · c. 326 BCE · in Europe

Capital of Kingdom of Armenia (326 BCE–428), Kingdom of Vaspurakan (911–1021).

Artashat (c. 326 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Armenia (326 BCE–428).
Tigranocerta (c. 326 BCE – c. 428 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Armenia (326 BCE–428).
Thessaloniki (315 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Thessalonica (1206–1224), Empire of Thessalonica (1236–1246).
Chengdu (311 BCE): Capital of Shu Han (224–262), Cheng Han (306–346), Former Shu (911–925), and 1 more.
Ardabil (c. 307 BCE): Capital of Atropatene (307 BCE–165 BCE).
Ganzak (c. 307–165 BCE): Capital of Atropatene (307 BCE–165 BCE).
Seleucia (305 BCE – 165 CE): Capital of Parthian Empire (239 BCE–224).
Timna (c. 350 BCE – c. 150 CE): Capital of Qataban (350 BCE–150).
Edessa (302 BCE – 1150 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Osroene (63 BCE–214), County of Edessa (1099–1150).
Kutaisi (301 BCE): Capital of Colchis (301 BCE–231 BCE), Kingdom of Georgia (1010–1122), Kingdom of Imereti (1468–1810).

Around the same time and place

Campaigns of Alexander the Great (334–323 BCE): Alexander of Macedon crossed into Asia in 334 BCE, defeated Darius III at Issus and Gaugamela, conquered Egypt and the Persian Empire, and campaigned as far as the Indus valley before dying in Babylon in 323 BCE.
Uruk (c. 5,000 BCE – c. 700 CE): Sumerian city on the Euphrates that by about 3100 BCE was probably the largest city in the world, centre of the first urban civilization.
Alexandria (331 BCE): Founded by Alexander the Great on Egypt's Mediterranean coast, it became the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and a leading centre of Hellenistic learning.
Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE): Alexander the Great decisively defeated Darius III near modern Erbil, leading to the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.
Euclid's Elements (c. 300 BCE): Euclid of Alexandria compiled the Elements, a 13-book treatise on geometry and number theory that remained the standard mathematics textbook for over two thousand years.
Library of Alexandria (c. 285 BCE): Founded under the early Ptolemies, it became the most famous library of the ancient world and a centre of scholarship for the whole Mediterranean.
Babylon (2,201 BCE – 1 CE): Capital of Babylonia (1800 BCE–601 BCE), Neo-Babylonian Empire (600 BCE–539 BCE), Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Pergamon (801 BCE – 62 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Pontus (281 BCE–62), Kingdom of Pergamon (279 BCE–133 BCE).