Arsamosata

City · c. 202–94 BCE · in Europe

Capital of Kingdom of Sophene (202 BCE–94 BCE).

Chang'an (202 BCE): Capital of the Western Han, Sui and Tang dynasties; under the Tang it was one of the largest cities in the world. Modern Xi'an stands on the site.
Carcathiocerta (c. 202 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Sophene (202 BCE–94 BCE).
Pyongyang (c. 197 BCE): Capital of Gojoseon (197 BCE–108 BCE), Goguryeo (427–668), Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–today), and 1 more.
Cherchell (c. 212 BCE): Capital of Mauretania (212 BCE–42).
Xianyang (c. 218–206 BCE): Capital of Qin Dynasty (218 BCE–209 BCE), Zhai (208 BCE–206 BCE).
Sinop (c. 183 BCE): Capital of Kingdom of Pontus (183 BCE–63 BCE), Beylik of Isfendiyar (1398–1461).
Ctesiphon (c. 239 BCE – c. 637 CE): Capital of Parthian Empire (239 BCE–224).
Nisa (c. 239 BCE – c. 224 CE): Capital of Parthian Empire (239 BCE–224).
Caesarea of Cappadocia (c. 239 BCE – c. 17 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Cappadocia (239 BCE–17).
Hecatompylos (c. 239 BCE – c. 224 CE): Capital of Parthian Empire (239 BCE–224).

Around the same time and place

Cleopatra (69 BCE – 30 BCE): The last active ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, she allied with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony; her death after defeat by Octavian ended the dynasty and Egypt became a Roman province.
Uruk (c. 5,000 BCE – c. 700 CE): Sumerian city on the Euphrates that by about 3100 BCE was probably the largest city in the world, centre of the first urban civilization.
Winged Victory of Samothrace (c. 190 BCE): Hellenistic marble statue of the goddess Nike alighting on a ship’s prow, found in 1863 at the Sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace; now in the Louvre.
Babylon (2,201 BCE – 1 CE): Capital of Babylonia (1800 BCE–601 BCE), Neo-Babylonian Empire (600 BCE–539 BCE), Achaemenid Empire (550 BCE–330 BCE).
Pergamon (801 BCE – 62 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Pontus (281 BCE–62), Kingdom of Pergamon (279 BCE–133 BCE).
Incense Route (c. 700 BCE – c. 200 CE): Camel caravans carried frankincense and myrrh from southern Arabia north along the Red Sea hinterland through Nabataean Petra to Gaza on the Mediterranean.
Parthian Empire founded (c. 247 BCE): The Parni under Arsaces I founded the Arsacid dynasty in northeastern Iran; the Parthian Empire became Rome's main rival in the east until 224 CE.
Eratosthenes measures the Earth (c. 240 BCE): Eratosthenes, head of the Library of Alexandria, estimated Earth's circumference by comparing the angle of the Sun at Alexandria and at Syene.