Libreville

City · 1849 CE · in Sub-Saharan Africa

Capital of Gabon (1961–today).

Doha (1850 CE): Capital of Qatar Dynasty (1870–1904), Qatar (1913–1915), State of Qatar (1973–today).
Bloemfontein (1846 CE): Capital of Free Orange State (1856–1899), South Africa (1932–today).
Sonoma (c. 1846 CE): Capital of California Republic (1846–1846).
Honolulu (c. 1845 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Hawaï'i (1845–1893), Republic of Hawai'i (1895–1897).
Almaty (1854 CE): Capital of Kazakhstan (1992–1997).
Nouméa (1854 CE): Capital of New Caledonia (1856–1859).
Ottawa (1855 CE): Capital of Canada (1932–today).
Pretoria (1855 CE): Capital of South African Republic (1856–1899), South Africa (1932–today).
Kangar (c. 1842 CE): Capital of Kedah-Perlis District (1842–1910).
Ras Hafun (c. 1856 CE): Capital of Majeerteen Sultanate (1856–1889).

Around the same time and place

Scramble for Africa (1881–1914 CE): Invasion, occupation and partition of almost all of Africa by European powers between the 1880s and 1914, formalised in part at the Berlin Conference of 1884–85.
Kingdom of Kongo (c. 1390–1914 CE): Central African kingdom with its capital at Mbanza Kongo; after Portuguese contact in 1483 its rulers adopted Christianity, and it later became deeply entangled in the Atlantic slave trade.
Ashanti Empire (1701–1901 CE): Akan state founded by Osei Tutu with its capital at Kumasi, which grew wealthy on gold and trade and resisted British expansion in a series of wars.
Congo Free State (1885–1908 CE): Colony privately ruled by King Leopold II of Belgium, where forced labour for rubber collection caused mass deaths; international outcry led Belgium to annex it in 1908.
Kingdom of Dahomey (c. 1600–1904 CE): Fon kingdom centred on Abomey in present-day Benin, known for its female soldiers and its role in the Atlantic slave trade; conquered by France in 1894.
Oyo Empire (c. 1600–1836 CE): Yoruba state that rose to dominate much of present-day western Nigeria and Benin from the 17th century using cavalry, before collapsing in the 1830s.
Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903 CE): Islamic state founded after Usman dan Fodio's jihad against the Hausa kingdoms, one of the largest states in 19th-century Africa until British conquest in 1903.
Malabo (1827 CE): Capital of Guinea (1968–today), Equatorial Guinea (1969–today).