Vientiane

City · 1560 CE · in East Asia

Capital of Lan Xang (1560–1707), Kingdom of Laos (1956–1975), Communist Laos (1976–today).

Valletta (1566 CE): Capital of Malta (1967–today).
Sonsonate (1553 CE): Capital of United Provinces of Central America (1834–1834).
Caracas (1567 CE): Capital of Republic of Venezuela (1811–1814), Venezuela (1834–today).
Helsinki (1550 CE): King Gustav I of Sweden founded Helsinki in 1550 as a trading town. It became the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812 and of independent Finland in 1917.
La Paz (1548 CE): Capital of Bolivia (1899–today).
Mysore (c. 1572 CE): Capital of Kingdom of Mysore (1572–1799).
Kraków (c. 1572 CE): Capital of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1572–1596), Free City of Krakow (1815–1845).
Huế (c. 1572 CE): Capital of Nguyễn lords (1572–1774), Tây Son dynasty (1789–1802), Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1884).
Amritsar (1574 CE): Capital of Sikh Confederacy (1762–1799).
Alba Iulia (c. 1542 CE): Capital of Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1542–1570), Principality of Transylvania (1572–1692).

Around the same time and place

Ayutthaya (1351–1767 CE): Capital of the Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya, founded in 1351, which became one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities in Asia before it was destroyed by Burmese forces in 1767.
Lan Xang (1353–1707 CE): Lao kingdom founded by Fa Ngum in 1353, with its early capital at Luang Prabang; it split into rival kingdoms from 1707.
Champa (c. 192–1832 CE): Collection of Cham polities along the coast of central and southern Vietnam, founded around 192 CE and gradually absorbed by Dai Viet.
Tea Horse Road (c. 1000–1950 CE): Mountain trails over which porters and mule caravans carried brick tea from Sichuan and Yunnan to Tibet, exchanged for Tibetan horses, for roughly a thousand years.
Taungoo (1510 CE): Capital of First Toungoo Empire (1510–1539).
Bayinnaung (1516 CE – 1581 CE): King of Toungoo Burma who built what was probably the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia, including Ayutthaya and Lan Na.
Portuguese settlement of Macau (c. 1557–1999 CE): Ming authorities allowed Portuguese traders to settle at Macau, which became Europe's longest-held outpost in East Asia.